El Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego – MIDAGRI, a través de la Dirección General de Desarrollo Ganadero, ha promovido la implementación de la Plataforma virtual “Base de Datos por Líneas y Proyectos de Investigación en Camélidos Sudamericanos”, en coordinación con el Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria – INIA del MIDAGRI, entidad encargada de la programación, registro y custodia de la base de datos por línea y proyectos de investigación, a través de un sistema de informática, que permitirá almacenar un significativo y relevante número de información (proyectos, publicaciones en revistas y libros, tesis, tesinas, entre otros) de una forma organizada para su futura consulta, realización de búsquedas, nuevo ingreso de datos de una forma rápida y simple desde un ordenador.

El maracuyá (Passiflora edulis S.) es un fruto tropical de interés socio-económico en Perú, usado como ingrediente en la industria alimentaria, estética y medicina. No obstante, este cultivo presenta un bajo poder germinativo, por lo cual es necesario realizar tratamientos pre germinativos, para incrementar el porcentaje de germinación y el desarrollo inicial de las plántulas. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de diferentes bioestimulantes a 12 h y 24 h de hidratación sobre la germinación de semillas de maracuyá. Metodología: se recolectaron semillas de maracuyá de frutos grandes y redondos, libre de patógenos. Las semillas sin arilo fueron tratadas: T0 (agua destilada), T1 (azufre 25 g/10 L), T2 (azufre 50 g/10 L), T3 (biol 3%), T4 (biol 5%), T5 (canela 25%), T6 (canela 50%), T7 (suero de leche 25%) y T8 (suero de leche 50%) durante 12 h y 24 h de imbibición. Las variables evaluadas fueron: agua absorbida, tasa de imbibición (TI), porcentaje de germinación (PG), velocidad de germinación (VG), índice de germinación (IG) y primer día de germinación (PDG). Resultados: la mayor absorción de agua se da en las 9 primeras horas. Los Tratamientos T4, T5 y T6 mejoraron significativamente el PG, VG, IG, PDG a 12 h de imbibición. Sin embargo, a 24 h de imbibición estos valores disminuyen. El PG presentó una alta correlación positiva con VG e IG. Asimismo, la VG presentó una correlación altamente negativa con PDG. Implicaciones: El uso de bioestimulantes incrementa la germinación. Conclusiones: El extracto de canela a 25% y 50%, y biol 5% a 12 h de imbibición mejoran significativamente las variables evaluadas comparadas con la imbibición a 24 h. La correlación positiva entre las variables indica una relación directa entre estas.

Dry forests are ecosystems of great importance worldwide, but in recent decades they have been affected by climate change and changes in land use. In this study, we evaluated land use and land cover changes (LULC) in dry forests in Peru between 2017 and 2021 using Sentinel-2 images, and cloud processing with Machine Learning (ML) models. The results reported a mapping with accuracies above 85% with an increase in bare soil, urban areas and open dry forest, and reduction in the area of crops and dense dry forest. Protected natural areas lost 2.47% of their conserved surface area and the areas with the greatest degree of land use impact are located in the center and north of the study area. The study provides information that can help in the management of dry forests in northern Peru.

This study provides a comprehensive mitochondrial genome sequence and a phylogenetic analysis of Jakumaru (Bos taurus), a prominent bull from a Peruvian breeding program. The mitochondrial genome, spanning 16,340bp, comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes, with a GC content of 40%. The gene arrangement and structural organization are highly conserved, closely resembling those of related Bovine species, indicating a stable genomic architecture essential for mitochondrial function. Phylogenetic analysis, incorporating 35 complete bovine mitochondrial genomes, positions Jakumaru within Subclade I, revealing a close relationship with European Simmental cattle. The study emphasizes the biological diversity and the evolution of the Simmental breed, influenced by natural selection, breeding practices, and genetic drift. These findings enhance our understanding of the breed's genetic variation and its evolution, particularly in the context of its importance in Peru

La quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) es consumida a nivel mundial debido a su composición nutricional. Es importante conocer las características agronómicas que se ven influenciadas por las condiciones edafoclimáticas y evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de 81 genotipos de quinua del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) sembradas en las localidades de Cusco, Puno, Ayacucho y Junín, bajo un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar, con tres repeticiones. Se evaluaron las variables: altura de planta, diámetro de panoja, longitud de panoja, rendimiento, severidad de infección de mildiu (Peronospora farinosa) e índice de selección (IS), en siembras del 2017 y 2018. La comparación de medias se realizó mediante la prueba de Tukey, análisis de conglomerados, componentes principales, correlación de Pearson y la evaluación del índice de selección para identificar la adaptación de los genotipos. Los resultados mostraron que la siembra del 2018 tuvo los mayores rendimientos. El análisis de conglomerados encontró la formación de tres grupos, donde el grupo tres mostró las mejores características en rendimiento, altura de planta, diámetro y longitud de panoja. El análisis de componentes principales mostró correlaciones positivas entre variables altura de planta, diámetro y longitud de panoja. Más del 45% de los tratamientos mostraron un índice de selección mayor a uno y se identificaron 16 genotipos con nivel bajo de severidad de infección a mildiu. Las localidades de Cusco y Puno reportaron el mejor comportamiento agronómico para los 81 genotipos.

The quality of cotton fiber determines its value in the textile market, influencing agricultural profitability and the efficiency of textile processing. The selection of genotypes with superior fibers is a key factor for genetic improvement programs seeking adaptability and sustainability in the face of climate change. This demonstrates the strategic importance of this plant for sustainable agriculture and the global textile industry. The objective of this research was to decipher the fiber quality of Gossypium barbadense var. brasiliensis in the native Amazonian communities of La Convencion, Cusco-Peru, and to evaluate other critical aspects of native cotton that have not yet been identified. The methodology included non-probability sampling for accessibility, qualitative and quantitative analyses, and multivariate analyses. The fiber length (mm), micronaire index (maturity/fineness), fiber strength (gf/tex), length uniformity index (%), fiber elongation (%), maturation index (%), and short fiber index (%) were the fiber characteristics evaluated using the HVI method in cotton genotypes.

The Arnaucho chili pepper (ACP) is a traditional vegetable used in Peru because of its gastronomic properties. Due to its importance in the Peruvian diet and economy, this species is a resource that can be a candidate to plant breeding programs. In this study, the complete genome nucleotide sequence of this chili pepper was generated using the Illumina Hiseq 2500 sequencing technology. We sequenced the whole genome of the ACP using a paired-end 150 strategy, obtaining 330.46 GB of sequencing data. The genome size of the ACP was 2.98 Gb with a contig N50 of 237 Mb and 95.39% complete BUSCOs. Also, we identified 71.96% of repetitive DNA of the genome assembly, of which retroelements occupy 37.95% of the total genome. We downloaded genomes of the Solanoideae subfamily and conducted a comparative analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) with our draft genome, and we identified lower number of SSRs in the ACP genome compared to other pepper species. This first ACP genome is expected to contribute to a better understanding of its genetics to adapt to the arid conditions of the Peruvian coastal ecosystem and evolution.

Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Erwinia sp. strain INIA01, a bacterium isolated from lesions of Zea mays from northern Peru. This genome possesses two circular replicons, a 4.2-Mb chromosome, and a 438-kb plasmid.

The Peruvian Amazon faces an increasing threat of soil erosion, driven by unsustainable agricultural practices and accelerated deforestation. In Neshuya (Ucayali region), agricultural activity has intensified since 2014, but the effect on soil erosion is unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate the increase in erosion levels, at a subbasin of the central–eastern Amazon of Peru, in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model was used for assessing the effect of vegetation cover change from 2016 to 2022. In the Neshuya sub-basin (973.4 km2 ), the average erosion increased from 3.87 to 4.55 t ha−1 year−1 , on average. In addition, there is great spatial variability in the values. In addition, 7.65% of the study area (74.52 km2 ) exceeds the soil loss tolerance limit (15 t ha−1 year−1 ). The deforestation rate was 17.99 km2 year−1 and by 2022 the forested area reached 237.65 km2 . In conclusion, the transition from forest to farmland was related to the most critical erosion values. Unsustainable soil management practices can be the underlying explanation of changes in soil chemical and physical properties. Also, social dynamic changes and differences in landscape patterns play a role.

Coffee (Coffea arabica) is the main commodity in Peru and is the economic support for thousands of small farmers. However, coffee production is affected by the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei). Currently, H. hampei is the most important pest in whole coffee-growing regions in Peru. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro biological activity of Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria peruviensis, and Metarhizium sp. against Hypothenemus hampei in two trials at different times. Conidia production, Conidia viability, and pathogenicity against H. hampei were evaluated at three concentrations (1 × 105, 1 × 107, and 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1). In addition, lethal times (LT50 and LT90) and lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated. There were significant differences in conidia production ( < 0.001) and conidia viability ( < 0.041). The highest conidia production and conidia viability were reached by B. bassiana and B. peruviensis, respectively. Likewise, there were differences in the pathogenicity of the strains in the two tests carried out (test 1:  < 0.0009 and test 2:  < 0.0001). The highest mortality occurred in the treatments of B. bassiana 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1, B. bassiana 1 × 107 conidia/mL−1, and B. peruviensis 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1. The treatments with lower LT50 and LT90 were B. bassiana 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1 and B. peruviensis 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1, and the strains with the lowest LC50 and LC90 were B. peruviensis and B. bassiana. The in vitro characteristics shown by B. bassiana and B. peruviensis conditions suggest they should be evaluated in the field to determine the capability of these strains to reduce populations of H. hampei.

Purple maize has gained global significance due to its numerous nutraceutical benefits. However, sustaining its production typically requires high doses of nitrogen fertilizers, which, when applied in excess, can contaminate vital resources such as soil and water. Inoculation with nitrogenfixing microorganisms, such as those from the Azospirillum genus, has emerged as an alternative to partially or fully replace nitrogen fertilizers. This study aimed to evaluate the inoculation effect with A. brasilense and varying nitrogen fertilization levels on the yield and quality of purple maize. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement and five replications. Treatments comprised two inoculation levels (control without inoculation and inoculation with A. brasilense) under five nitrogen doses (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg・ha−1, applied as urea). Inoculation with A. brasilense resulted in a 10.5% increase in plant height, a 16.7% increase in root length, a 21.3% increase in aboveground fresh biomass, a 30.1% increase in root fresh biomass, and a 27.7% increase in leaf nitrogen concentration compared to the no inoculated control. Regarding yield, the inoculated plants surpassed the control in both purple maize yield (kg・ha−1) and cob weight by 21.8% and 11.6%, respectively. Across all fertilization levels and parameters assessed, the inoculated treatments outperformed the control. Furthermore, for parameters, namely plant height, leaf nitrogen content, and cob dimensions (length, diameter, and weight), the A. brasilense inoculation treatment with 90 kg N・ha−1 was statistically equivalent or superior to the non-inoculated control with 120 kg N・ha−1. These results indicate that inoculation with A. brasilense positively impacted purple maize at all nitrogen levels tested and improved nitrogen use efficiency, enabling a reduction of 30 kg N・ha-1 without compromising performance in key parameters.

El presente manual tiene como finalidad ser un documento de referencia para el estudio de la diversidad genética en especies forestales nativas (capirona, tornillo, castaña, ishpingo y shihuahuaco) a través del uso de marcadores moleculares empleados para detectar polimorfismos de ADN como son los microsatélites (SSR) y ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar (RAPD), los cuales facilitará el desarrollo del estudio de genética en especies forestales. Además, la identificación genética (barcoding), permitirá la discriminación de especies filogenéticamente cercanas.

El presente estudio se desarrolló con propósito de tratar de cerrar la brecha o vacío en la información que permita al sector forestal, una promoción adecuada de las plantaciones forestales, esto, referido al comportamiento de las propiedades tecnológicas de maderas en base a pruebas no destructivas que son rápidas y económicas, faltando comprobar en si la correlación con métodos destructivos. La evaluación no destructiva puede usarse para a detectar, localizar y medir defectos, así como determinar algunas propiedades, como el Módulo de Elasticidad (MOE) de la madera, que es una de las propiedades mecánicas más importantes para muchos usos finales de la madera en construcción, muros estructurales, vigas, pilares, escaleras, entre otros. En cuanto a la metodología empleada, la plantación seleccionada para el estudio está situada dentro del Área Piloto de la Estación Experimental Alexander Von Humboldt del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) ubicada en el distrito de Irazola, provincia de Padre Abad y región Ucayali a 225 msnm. Se trata de una plantación de la especie Tornillo Cedrelinga cateniformis Ducke (Ducke) de 17 años de edad, de la cual se seleccionaron 2 árboles y se elaboraron probetas de flexión estática (elaboradas según lo establecido en las Normas Técnicas Peruanas) para su evaluación no destructiva y destructiva con el fin de comparar ambos métodos, también se determinó la densidad básica para evaluar con que método tiene mayor coeficiente de correlación. En cuanto a equipos para la evaluación no destructiva se usaron los equipos de Microsecond Timer y Ultrasonic Timer, que básicamente trabajan bajo el principio de propagación de una onda de ultrasonido que se transmite de un sensor a otro en un material siendo este caso la madera. Los resultados, se compararon con los obtenidos por el método convencional o destructivo usando la Prensa mecánica Tinius Olsen. El MOE obtenido con Microsecond es de 100350,20 kg/cm², con el Ultrasonic es de 107488,37 kg/cm² y con el método destructivo es de 82417,60 kg/cm², este último valor es similar al de la bibliografía de 74360 kg/cm² para Tornillo de 15 años. En el análisis de varianza se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los métodos empleados por lo que se realizó una prueba de Tukey que muestra diferencias entre los métodos destructivos y no destructivos. En el análisis de correlación entre el MOE destructivo y los obtenidos con los equipos no destructivos se obtuvieron coeficientes aceptables, siendo mayor el que se obtiene con el Microsecond Timer (R²=0,75), por lo que se recomienda el uso de este equipo. Con respecto al análisis de correlación entre el MOE obtenido por los distintos métodos y la densidad, se encontró que el mejor coeficiente de correlación se da con el MOE obtenido con el Microsecond Timer, concluyendo que este equipo es que presenta mejores correlaciones.

Soil is a vital nonrenewable resource characterized by rapid degradation and slow regeneration processes. In this study, soil degradation in Jaén and San Ignacio was assessed via a multicriteria evaluation approach combined with remote sensing (RS) data. Nine factors were analyzed classified three categories: environmental, topographic, and edaphological factors. The results revealed that the slope (59.07%) was the main influencing factor, followed by land use and land cover (LULC) (56.36%). The degradation map revealed that 83.48% of the area exhibited moderate degradation, 14.49% low degradation, and 1.56% high degradation. The districts of Pomahuaca and San José de Lourdes demonstrated the largest areas of moderate degradation, accounting for 13.71% and 22.54%, respectively. Bellavista and Huarango exhibited the largest areas of very high degradation, accounting for 0.27% and 0.08%, respectively. The (AHP) method and RS data were employed to assess soil degradation, highlighting the need for sustainable soil restoration and conservation strategies.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the phenotypic characteristics and typification of Creole goats in five localities of the Ayacucho region in south-central Peru. Materials and Methods: Data from 149 goats (25 males and 124 females) were collected, excluding animals under 2 years of age, pregnant, and sick. Seven qualitative characteristics and 11 zometric measurements were evaluated, and then 9 zometric indices were estimated. Results: In the region, goats with composite colors predominated (76.50%). Additionally, supernumerary (24.20%) and divergent teats (22.60%) were observed in females, while males exhibited a scrotal bifurcation (32.00%). The origin of the flock had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on body measurements, as well as on pelvic index, transverse pelvic index, longitudinal pelvic index, compactness index, and load cannon bone index, except for body index (BOI), proportionality index, dactyl thorax index (DTI), and relative cannon bone thickness index (p > 0.05). In the Ayacucho region, there is a predominance of light animals (57.72%) with a significant DTI (p < 0.05) among the populations, including goats with good balance and capable of walking long distances. Furthermore, there are compact animals (47.65%) with a significant BOI (p < 0.05) among the flock populations, which animals are of the biotype of meat. Conversely, the strongest positive correlation (r = 0.89) was discovered between chest girth and body weight. Conclusion: In the Ayacucho region, there are various creole goat biotypes range from light to very compact heavy goats, with a predominance of meat biotype animals, as well as a marked size dimorphism between localities of origin.

Management of phytosanitary and biosecurity risks associated with the Cerambycidae focuses on prevention and early detection. Semiochemical-baited traps are an important component of these management efforts. Cerambycid pheromones are often screened in field trials to develop inventories of which species can be surveyed with which semiochemicals. We report field trials of two types of intercept traps (four- and three-sided panel traps) baited with known Cerambycidae pheromones aimed to capture Peruvian fauna. Intercept traps were baited with anti-2,3-hexanediol, fuscumol, and fuscumol acetate alone and in binary and ternary blends. The most frequently captured species was Megacyllene andesiana (Casey) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (n = 268), followed by Oreodera bituberculata Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (n = 59), Discopus eques Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (n = 37), and Aegomorphus longitarsis (Bates) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (n = 31). Trap type did not affect capture rates. Male and female M. andesiana were attracted by anti-2,3-hexanediol. The addition of fuscumol, fuscumol acetate, or the combination of fuscumol and fuscumol acetate reduced male M. andesiana captures, whereas the addition of fuscumol and the combination of fuscumol and fuscumol acetate reduced the response of female M. andesiana. Male O. bituberculata were attracted to traps baited with fuscumol, and this response was reduced by the addition of fuscumol acetate, whether or not anti-2,3-hexanediol was present.

Soil degradation is a problem facing agriculture, with water being the most important erosive agent, affecting, among others, crop yields. The objective of this study was to know the effect of four plant covers on soil erosion and starchy corn yield, in three locations in the Ayacucho region (Peru) during the 2018 - 2019 agricultural season. Five treatments were assigned: control, clover cover, vetch cover, vetch-oat cover, and mulch, in corn plots under a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with four blocks. Combined analysis of variance was used to evaluate the results. It was observed that soil erosion and corn yield were significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by plant cover and locations. Vetch-oat and clover cover significantly reduced soil erosion (–53 and –36%, respectively) due to the higher leaf biomass produced by both (6131 and 6052 kg ha–1, respectively). Clover cover produced the highest corn yield (3749 kg ha–1; +78%); while vetch-oats produced the lowest (1955 kg ha–1), without significant differences with the control. The highest production of biomass, N and C of the foliar coverages was produced in the location with the least slope; while the highest performance occurred in steeper areas. Clover cover turned out to be a better option to reduce soil erosion and increase corn yield.

Precision agriculture aims to improve crop management using advanced analytical tools.In this context, the objective of this study is to develop an innovative predictive model to estimate the yield and morphological quality, such as the circularity and length–width ratio of potato tubers, based on phenotypic characteristics of plants and data captured through spectral cameras equipped on UAVs. For this purpose, the experiment was carried out at the Santa Ana Experimental Station in the central Peruvian Andes, where advanced potato clones were planted in December 2023 under three levels of fertilization. Random Forest, XGBoost, and Support Vector Machine models were used to predict yield and quality parameters, such as circularity and the length–width ratio. The results showed that Random Forest and XGBoost achieved high accuracy in yield prediction (R2 > 0.74). In contrast, the prediction of morphological quality was less accurate, with Random Forest standing out as the most reliable model (R2 = 0.55 for circularity). Spectral data significantly improved the predictive capacity compared to agronomic data alone. We conclude that integrating spectral índices and multitemporal data into predictive models improved the accuracy in estimating yield and certain morphological traits, offering key opportunities to optimize agricultural management.